Titanium alloys are high-performance materials primarily composed of titanium combined with other metallic elements through specialized processing techniques. Their typical composition, processing methods, and application characteristics are as follows:

‌I. Composition of Titanium Alloys‌

1. ‌Titanium (Ti):‌ The primary component (85–99%), providing low density, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance.

2. ‌Aluminum (Al):‌ 2.5–6%, enhancing mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, strength, and hardness.

3. ‌Silicon (Si):‌ 0.5–2%, improving wear and corrosion resistance.

4. ‌Copper (Cu):‌ 0.5–2%, increasing strength, corrosion resistance, and reducing compressibility.

5. ‌Nickel (Ni):‌ 0.5–3%, boosting thermal strength and corrosion resistance.

‌II. Processing Techniques‌

1. ‌Melting & Casting:‌ Vacuum arc melting or electron beam melting ensures uniform composition and purity. Temperature and cooling rates are tightly controlled to achieve dense structures.

2. ‌Forging & Rolling:‌ Performed at elevated temperatures to enhance plasticity and refine grain structure, improving mechanical properties.

3. ‌Machining:‌ High-speed cutting with carbide tools minimizes heat generation and tool wear.

4. ‌Heat Treatment:‌

• Solution treatment dissolves alloying elements to strengthen the material.

• Aging treatment precipitates secondary phases for optimized performance.

‌III. Application Characteristics‌

• ‌Aerospace:‌ Engine blades, structural components.

• ‌Medical Devices:‌ Cardiovascular stents, artificial joints.

• ‌Automotive:‌ Lightweighting for fuel efficiency.

• ‌Chemical Equipment:‌ Corrosion-resistant containers and pipelines.